O'Malley and Chamot's (1990) taxonomy of LLS (O'Malley / Chamot之分類)

1. Cognitive Learning Strategies: e.g., repetition, translation, elaboration, inference.
   認知學習策略：例如，反覆練習、翻譯、聯想已知概念、由已知來猜想。
2. Metacognitive Learning Strategies: i.e., planning, monitoring, and evaluating.
   後設認知學習策略：包括事前計劃、自我監督、和自我評估。
3. Social-affective Learning Strategies: e.g., cooperation, question for clarification.
   社會-情意學習策略：例如，同儕合作、澄清疑問。

Oxford's (1990) taxonomy of LLS (Oxford之分類)

1. Memory Strategies: e.g., creating mental linkage, applying images and songs, reviewing well, employing action
   記憶策略：例如，建立內在連結、運用影像和聲音、有系統的複習、運用相關動作。
2. Cognitive Strategies: e.g., practicing, receiving and sending messages, analyzing and reasoning, creating structure for input.
   認知策略：例如，各種練習、訊息的接收與傳遞、分析與歸納、組織整理。
3. Compensatory Strategies: e.g., guessing intelligently, overcoming limitations in speaking and writing.
   補償策略：例如，運用線索來猜想、克服說寫之困境。
4. Metacognitive Strategies: e.g., centering your learning, arranging and planning your learning, evaluating your learning.
   後設認知策略：例如，集中學習、安排計劃學習、評估學習。
5. Affective Strategies: e.g., lowering your anxiety, encouraging yourself, taking your emotional temperature.
   情意策略：例如，降低焦慮、自我鼓勵、注意自己學習情緒 。
6. Social Strategies: e.g., asking questions, cooperation with others, empathizing with others, becoming aware of other's thoughts and feelings.
   社會策略：例如，澄清疑問、同儕合作、培養同理心與文化了解。